Saturday, 24 September 2016

Auxiliary Verbs


           
               Good day! Let us have now the auxiliary verbs. I want to share to you guys what I had learned about the helping verbs (be, do and have). Let us begin...

*Bedo, and have are both stand-alone verbs and auxiliary verbs. 

*When these verbs are auxiliary, you will find them teamed with other verbs to complete the verb phrase.

                     Forms of Be                  

am, is, are, was, were, being, been

Present Progressive

Am, Is, or Are + Present Participle
Use the present progressive tense to convey an action or condition happening right now or frequently.

am baking chocolate-broccoli muffins today.
Am = auxiliary verb; baking = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Alex is sitting at the kitchen table, anticipating his first bite.
Is = auxiliary verb; sitting = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Alex must wait a while longer because the muffins are cooling by the window.
Are = auxiliary verb; cooling = present participle completing the verb phrase.
 Past Progressive

Was or Were + Present Participle
Use the past progressive tense to show either 1) an action or condition that continued in the past or 2) an action or condition interrupted by another.

Naomi was hoping for an A in her organic chemistry class.

Was = auxiliary verb; hoping = present participle completing the verb phrase

Unfortunately, Naomi's lab reports were missing the nutritional data on chocolate-broccoli muffins.

Were = auxiliary verb; missing = present participle completing the verb phrase. 


 Future Progressive

Will + Be + Present Participle
Use the future progressive tense to indicate an action that will continue in the future.
   Soon, Alex will be eating organic chocolate-broccoli muffin!
   Willbe = auxiliary verbs; eating = present participle completing the verb phrase.

Form passive voice with the auxiliary verb be.
You can make any transitive verb—an action verb that can take a direct objectpassive with the auxiliary verb be.
Forms of Beam, is, are, was, were, being, been
Passive voice: Direct Object as Subject + Form of Be + Past Participle + By + Subject as Object of the Preposition.
Our lips were licked by us.

                    Forms of Have                

 has, have, had, having

Present Perfect

Has or Have + Past Participle
Use the present perfect tense to convey an action or condition that began in the past but continues [or is finished] in the present.
Marge has bought earplugs to drown out her husband's snoring.
Has = auxiliary verb; bought = past participle completing the verb phrase.
The earplugs have saved Marge's marriage to George.
Have = auxiliary verb; saved = past participle completing the verb phrase.   
 Past Perfect

Had + Past Participle
Use the past perfect tense to show that one action in the past occurred before another.
Because Marge had purchased the earplugs, she no longer fantasized about smothering George with a pillow.
Had = auxiliary verb; purchased = past participle completing the verb phrase.  
 Future Perfect

Will + Have + Past Participle
Use the future perfect tense to indicate that an action will be finished in the future.
This Sunday, Marge will have gotten an entire week of uninterrupted sleep.
Willhave = auxiliary verbs; gotten = past participle completing the verb phrase.

                    Forms of Do                   

does, do, did, doing
Form of Do + Main Verb
Form of Do + Subject + Main Verb

did not eat your leftover pizza!
Did = auxiliary verb; eat = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Do you always accuse the first person you see?
Do = auxiliary verb; accuse = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Doesn't the evidence point to Samuel, who still has a bit of black olive stuck to his front tooth?
Does = auxiliary verb; point = main verb completing the verb phrase.   

Friday, 23 September 2016

Modal Verbs


       Good day everyone! I miss doing this again, sharing what I had learned from the reporters. Now, let us have the modals. We will able to distinguish the uses of modal verbs the: can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, ought to, must. So let us start.

Modal Verbs

A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation.

They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. 
They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...
They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)

The modal verbs are can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, ought to, must.

Can and Could 

                   CAN                                                                         COULD
  
 * used to describe ability 
(I can change the oil in my car without help.)
                                                                          *used to described your ability in the past
                                 (When I was younger, I could run for miles," or "
It used to be you could buy lunch for a dollar.)
*say whether something is possible or not   
(Do you think he can win the race?)
                                                                         * used in this way, it refers to something that                                                                              you believe is likely to be true or to happen.
                                                                           (We could have as many as ten people                                                                                     come to dinner tonight.)
                
*used to ask permission to do
 (Can I borrow your car?)
 (Can I get you something to drink?
                                                                        *Could is also used to refer to something that                                                                            you wish to have or do but that is not possible.                                                                          ("If only we could be free of this tyrant!")
                                                                       
                                                                        *It’s also used to describe something that was                                                                    possible but did not happen, used with the                                                                        verb have ("We could have won if we had                                                                           practiced harder.").

                                                                       *Could can also express annoyance or another                                                                   strong emotion ("He could have asked me if I                                                                     needed help!" or "I could have died I was so                                                                       embarrassed!"), but can isn’t used this way.

Similarity: When making general polite suggestions or asking a question, both could and can are possible ("Excuse me, can/could you tell me what time it is?")

May and Might
                    
 MAY                                                                MIGHT
*Formal Permission / Formal Prohibition 
(You may start your exam now. 
Or You may not wear sandals to work.)

                                                                         *Polite Suggestion (You might like to try the                                                                          salmon fillet. It’s our special today.)
*Polite Request (May I help you?)
                                                                       
Similarities
*Possibility
 We may go out dinner tonight. Do you want to join us?
 Our company might get the order if the client agrees to the price.
                                                                                                     

    *Negative Possibility
     Adam and Sue may not buy that house. It's very expensive.
    They might not buy a house at all.

    *To Make a Suggestion (when there is no better alternative)
      You may as well come inside. John will be home soon.
      We might as well take Friday off. There’s no work to be done anyway.

Will and Would
                      Will                                      Would

*to say what we believe will happen in the future
(We'll be late. We will have to take the train.)
                                                                         *to say what we believed would happen:
                                                                                 I thought I would be late …… so I would                                                                              have to take the train.
*to talk about what people want to do or are willing to do:
  Perhaps dad will lend me the car.
                                                                               *to talk about what people wanted to do or                                                                           were willing to do:
                                                                                 Dad wouldn’t lend me the car, so we                                                                                 had to take the train.
*use in conditionals with if and unless to say 
 what we think will happen in the future or present:
 I will give her a call if I can find her number. You 
won’t  get in unless you have a ticket.

                                                                        *In conditionals with words like if and what                                                                  if. In these sentences the main verb is                                                                        usually in the past tense:
                                                                                I would give her a call if I could find her                                                                            number.
*to make offers and promises:
 I will give you a lift home after the party. 
 We will come and see you next week.
                                                                      *to talk about the result or effect of a                                                                         possible situation:
                                                                              It would be very expensive to stay in a                                                                              hotel.
                                                                             
                                                                             *to talk about something that we did often                                                                          in the past because we wanted to do it:
                                                                             When they were children they used to                                                                                spend their holidays at their grandmother’s                                                                       at the seaside. They would get up early                                                                              every morning and they’d have a quick                                                                                breakfast then they would run across the                                                                                road to the beach.

*We use conditionals to give advice:
Dan will help you if you ask him.                        Dan would help you if you asked him.

Shall and Should
                   
                               SHALL                                                       SHOULD

*To Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion 
(When you are quite sure of a positive answer)
Shall we go for a walk?
                                                                       *To Offer of Assistance or Polite                                                                                    Suggestion (When you are not sure                                                                             of a positive answer)
                                                                                Should I call a doctor?
*Express certain laws and rules.
You shall abide by the law.
                                                                              *We can use it as a personal opinion.
                                                                               You should go to the police. Or You                                                                                   should see a doctor.
                                                                                  
                                                                               *Used to ask for someone’s opinion:
                                                                                What should we do now?

                                                                         *Used something expected or correct:                                                                      Everybody should arrive by 6 pm.

                                                                         *Use to express that we wish                                                                                        something had happened but it didn’t.
                                                                                You should have seen it, it was beautiful.

                                                                        *To predict something will probably                                                                               happen or expected to be the case, base                                                                     on logic or a typical situation
                                                                                My sister's on the way, she should be                                                                                here soon.
  
Ought to

*to express the view that something is the right thing to do, because it’s morally correct,  polite, or someone’s duty:  
You ought to admit that you made a mistake.

*to predict that something is fairly likely or expected, based on normal circumstances or logic:
    Our long-delayed mail is on the way from France and ought to arrive today.

* to offer or ask for advice or recommendations:
           If you haven’t read the book then you ought to see the movie.
      What ought to be done to improve things?



Must

   *to talk about something that has to be done because it’s compulsory or obligatory       Online stores must give a cooling-off period of seven working days.
         
          *Because it’s very important:
                           To calm public opinion, police must quickly arrest the culprits and solve                            this case.  
  
  *to express the view that something is highly likely because it’s a logical conclusion based on something else that the speaker knows, or it’s the normal thing to expect:
                        Our measurements show that exactly the opposite must be the case.
                        Her mega hairdo must have taken several cans of hairspray to achieve.
    
 *to say to someone that you strongly recommend or advise something because it’s a good idea:
                        We get on well and keep saying we must meet up for lunch sometime.

Modality: Tense
Past and continuous
We can indicate the past by using a modal verb + have + -ed form of the verb which follows: 
We should have listened more carefully.
I suppose we could have gone to the hotel. I would have preferred the holiday camp.

We can indicate the continuous by using a modal verb + be + ing form of the verb which follows.


continuous
They may be coming sooner than we expected.
He could be staying with friends in London.


past and continuous



She might have been waiting for us.
must have been chatting to him for 20 minutes.

Except CAN, MUST and MAY

Replacements:
can
to be able to
must
have to
may
to be allowed to

CAN – TO BE ABLE TO
I can drive. = I am able to drive.
Present tense
Past tense
Present perfect
Will - future

I
am able to drive.
was able to drive.
have been able to drive.
will be able to drive.

He, she, it

is able to drive.
was able to drive.
has been able to drive.
will be able to drive.
You, we, they

are able to drive.

were able to drive.

have been able to drive.

will be able to drive

MUST – HAVE TO
I must learn. = I have to learn.
Present tense
Past tense
Present perfect
Will – future
I, you, we, they
have to learn.
had to learn.
have had to learn.
will have to learn.
He, she, it
has to learn.
had to learn.
has had to learn.
will have to learn.

MAY – BE ALLOWED TO
I may go out – I am allowed to go out

Present tense
Past tense
Present perfect
Will – future
I
am allowed to go
was allowed to go
have been allowed to go
will be allowed to go
he, she, it
is allowed to go
was allowed to go
has been allowed to go
will be allowed to go
you, we, they
are allowed to go
were allowed to go
have been allowed to go
will be allowed to go